Euthanasia Humane and Dignified Essay - 2497 Words

Advances in modern medical technology have served to deny people the right to die, and euthanasia, it may be argued, has emerged with the purpose of reclaiming that right. Euthanasia, which is defined as â€Å"granting painless death to a hopelessly ill patient with a non-curable disease,† is a very controversial issue (Russell 3). Illegal in all countries, except the Nertherlands, it is still practiced all over the world in an attempt to give people the right to a painless, and natural, death (Emanuel 1). In short, the advances in modern medicine and its techniques, have created a situation whereby people’s lives are artificially extended, despite the fact that they could be in an irrecoverable coma or suffering from an incurable chronic†¦show more content†¦The second form of euthanasia, which is the active or positive type, cannot be defended from the viewpoints of either ethics or religious principles as it ultimately emerges as an act of murder, or suicide . As regards its definition, it is described as â€Å"an act of commission; death is induced either by direct action to terminate life, or by indirect action such as in giving drugs in amounts that will clearly hasten death (Russell 19). That is, death is made to occur giving rise to the concern that it is an act of murder, if the doctor is involved, or an act of suicide, if only the patient himself is involved. Interestingly, when we consider the ethical principles involved in the two forms of euthanasia defined, we find that the first can be defended as ethical despite the fact that it can occur without the wishes or the involvement of the patient, while the second can’t be defended as such although it occurs with the direct consent, and even cooperation of the patient (Stauch 2). In other words, we may understand and sympathize with the circumstances which led a person to request euthanasia and go through it, but we can’t defend it from the perspective of moral and religious arguments. This is due to the fact that it forces death toShow MoreRelatedEuthanasia Essay893 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia Euthanasia is a highly emotive issue, which is habitually avoided contemplation because it deals with unsettling issues people often choose to disregard. It is exceptionally difficult for people to converse about grave illness and its implications, which is undoubtedly why so many people are left unaware of why this issue is so significant. The increasing number of grave diseases emphasises the magnitude of this issue. 1 out of 5 people have or will developRead MoreThe Age Should Not Be A Person s Life1680 Words   |  7 Pagesresort to euthanasia. When a person’s life is coming to an end in a matter of days, a more reasonable approach to it would be to provide proper end-of-life care if requested. An individual has the right to determine when their last day should be if they are suffering from a terminal illness if it is quickly approaching. Everyone is entitled to make their own decisions, and children should be able to execute that right. Age should not be a matter that prevents someone from having euthanasia be an optionRead MoreDeath With Dignity1674 Words   |  7 Pagesmeans good or well, and thanatosis, which means death, form the term euthanasia; therefore, it can be interpreted as â€Å"Good Death, Gentle and Easy Death, and acknowledge as mercy killing.† (A General History) People have suffered through the ages; in all times there has been mentally and physically ill persons, children and adults with disabilities, and incurable diseases. To relieve these patients from the burden of existence, euthanasia was practiced as a way to protect society from unnecessary burdensRead MoreEuthanasi Euthanasia And Euthanasia861 Words   |  4 PagesEuthanasia, the practice of medically terminating life in order to relieve pain and suffering of a patient, has been a complex and controversial topic since its concept ion. In ancient Greece and Rome attitudes toward active euthanasia, and suicide had tended to be tolerant. However, the rise of the Christian faith reinforced the views of the Hippocratic Oath, a swearing of ethical conduct historically taken by physicians. This shift concluded a medical consensus in opposition of euthanasia. IssuesRead MoreThe Ethical Principles Of Physician Assisted Suicide1214 Words   |  5 PagesPhysician-assisted suicide (PAS), refers to self-administration of medication prescribed to a patient by their physician to end his or her life, and euthanasia, the administering of lethal drugs by a physician to end a patient’s life (Lachman, 2015) are extremely controversial topics. For several decades, supporters for the legalization of PAS and euthanasia have served as advocates for terminally ill patients who wish to have an alternative to a long, drawn out, painful death. These supporters haveRead MoreThe Conflict of Religion and Euthanasia Essay exampl es819 Words   |  4 PagesThe Conflict of Religion and Euthanasia There are a number of reasons why religious believers would be concerned regarding assisted suicide and voluntary euthanasia. The Church’s belief concerning this matter is that if G-d has given the gift of life then it should be â€Å"revered and cherished†. As far as the Church is concerned, the deliberate taking of human life should be prohibited, except in self-defenceRead MoreEuthanasia Should Be Allowed And Protected By Legislation1656 Words   |  7 Pagesshe lives in has not legalized euthanasia and she is forced to live with the excruciating mental and physical pain for many more months. Many believe that a person who is terminally ill should retain the right to choose whether or not they want to die and defend the practice by saying it is financially suitable. Euthanasia should be allowed and protected by legislation because it a human’s ethical right to die and it is also economically sensible. Narratio Euthanasia is used to terminate the lifeRead MoreNew Push For Euthanasia Bill1669 Words   |  7 PagesNewspaper and magazine articles New push for Euthanasia bill – Examiner by Manika Dadson March 14th 2015 This Newspaper article says that to voluntary assisted dying bill will be back on the table later this year. Former premier Lara Giddings said she was still a passionate advocate for voluntary assisted dying. Previously the lower house rejected the bill 13 to 11 in October 2013. Columbia opens its doors to Euthanasia – World mag By Katlyn Babyak posted 7th of July 2015 This magazine articleRead MoreThe Rights Of Patients Whom Have Been Diagnosed With A Terminally Ill Disease1575 Words   |  7 Pagesliberal religious beliefs treat euthanasia as a morally desirable option in some cases. There are also many secularists, atheists, and agnostics who actively disagree with religiously based arguments. Many of these folks would like to retain suicide as an option in case they develop a terminal illness and life becomes unbearable† (Robinson,2010). This is the starting point because when the word suicide is brought up it does not matter if it is an actual suicide, euthanasia, assisted suicide, assistedRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of Euthanasia1304 Words   |  6 Pageslegalise euthanasia in New Zealand; a bill that in fact ’75 percent of the public favoured’, according to a poll commissioned by the ACT. In justification of this, you declare that ‘the motivation for this Bill is compassion. It allows people who so choose and are eligible to end their life in peace and dignity, surrounded by loved ones’. Upon reading this, I, along with the other 25 percent of the public, thoroughly agree with you that euthanasia is compassionate. Euthanasia is humane. Euthanasia should

Global Warming And Its Effects - 1306 Words

Did you know that the United States is the largest source for global warming pollution (NRDC)? Although American’s make up only 4 percent of the world’s population, we still produce 25 percent of the carbon dioxide pollution (NRDC). That is more than China, India, and Japan combined (NRDC). There is a huge debate on whether or not global warming exists, but there is an even bigger debate on what the cause of this climate change is. I argue that with the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, humans play a huge part in the causation of global warming. There are many definitions for global warming, but there is one common definition that many scientists can agree on. Global warming is â€Å"an increase in the earth s atmospheric and oceanic temperatures widely predicted to occur due to an increase in the greenhouse effect resulting especially from pollution† (Merriam-Webster). It is believed to be caused by many gases gathering together, creating a thick blanket in the earth’s atmosphere, and raising the earth’s temperature. According to S.M. Enzler MSc, Svante Arrhenius suggested in 1896, there would be a relationship between the carbon dioxide concentration on earth and its temperature. Arrhenius then did research with Thomas Chamberlin and predicted that human activities and their release of carbon dioxide would warm up the earth’s atmosphere (en. Enzler). They predicated then that humans would have a huge influence on the climate change. After a while the topic ofShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effects985 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Science Professor Mahoney 11/11/14 Global Warming Over the last few decades global warming has become one of the biggest environmental issues of all times. Every year, global warming gets worse and it’s affecting the way people live, it is affecting the atmosphere in general, and other living organisms in our planet. Global warming is the gradual and increasing rise of the overall temperature of the Earth caused by the greenhouse effect due to the increased levels of carbon dioxide andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming is directly causing the rise in temperature of the Earth. The melting of the polar ice caps causes some of the most pressing issues including the endangerment of species indigenous to this region and the rise of ocean levels. Global Warming Global warming is the steady rise of temperature of the Earth’s surface. What exactly causes global warming? Numerous sources fuel global warming, such as deforestation, permafrost, and even sunspots. Obviously, many factors contribute to thisRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1331 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Global warming is the causation of the Glaciers melting, sea levels rising, cloud forests drying, and wildlife struggles today. Humans are making this possible because of their release of heat-trapping gasses known as greenhouse gasses by their modern devices. Global warming is the abnormal speedy increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. It is believed that this is due to the greenhouse gasses that people release into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.The greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects976 Words   |  4 PagesAs global warming, we understand that is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. It has been an immense concerning all over the world for the past decades since the current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that humans, animals and plants rely on. Scientists have studied the natural cycles and events that are known to influence the change in climate to discover what i s originating the current global warming. However, the amount and pattern ofRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1571 Words   |  7 PagesAs global issues today become increasingly controversial, many people are inclined to believe that Global Warming is an issue that can take a backseat to more significant issues that plague today’s society. The information presented throughout my research in regards to the rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers and ice shelves, highly indicates that it cannot. What many Americans fail to realize is that if sea levels continue to rise due to Global Warming, then more than half of LouisianaRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is one of the vigorously discussed topic on Earth today. According to a TechMedia Network, â€Å"Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to b e permanently changing the Earth’s climate.† (â€Å"Global Warming †¦ Effects†). We have been witnessing the change in Earth’s climate since past few years, and we are well aware of the consequences of climate change as well. Global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1432 Words   |  6 Pageshas an effect on climate change and contributes to global warming. Yet people tend to turn a blind eye to global warming and label it as a myth, whether they do not believe in it or it is not in their best financial interest to believe in it. Let us take a closer look at global warming and the effects it has on our people, homes and environments. Global Warming has become a rising problem in our world’s climate. It’s time we show the initiative to understand the concept of global warming and showRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects928 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal-Warming Mother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorb thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface some of it goes back out into spaceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1416 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming The earth is getting warmer, animals and their habitats are declining, human health is at risk and the cause of all this terror is Global Warming. Global warming will cause many parts of the world to change. In the next 50 years climate change could be the cause of more than a million terrestrial species becoming extinct. Sea levels will raise which means more flooding and is not good for the plants. With too much water the plants will die and herbivores will lose theirRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1312 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is presenting a lot of environmental and health problems to many countries. A lot of heat gets trapped on earth due to formation of a non-porous layer gases below the atmosphere. The worst effect is felt by developing countries, which are also geographically disadvantaged. The establishment of such countries is on low altitude areas. This position makes developing countries to be direct victims of floods from the melting snow at high altit ude areas. A lot of scientific research associates

Descriptive Essay Camping Gone Wrong - 834 Words

Camping Gone Wrong By:Ryleigh Meadows â€Å"This trip is going to be so fun!† I said. We are going to Hueston Woods.I have been here before and it is super fun. You go to haunted houses, there are trails, bike paths and my favorite thing of all is doing th-, â€Å"RYLEIGH†,my mom yelled.,†Did you get your tennis shoes?†, â€Å"yes mom†, I yelled. My mom was in the basement so that’s why we were yelling to each other. I got my blankets that I was taking, I got my toothbrush and my hairbrush and my bag and I got in the car. My family got my dogs and their leashes and put them in the car. It was about 5:30 so it was time for dinner. We stopped at chipotle cause that was close to Hueston woods. We ate inside so our car†¦show more content†¦That night we ate dinner, then we went to a haunted house there. It was very fun but scary. Then it was movie time and you went down to a shelter and watched a movie. The movie playing was Ratatouille. Then we got tired so we went to bed. On Saturday you go trick or treating around the campground. Today was Saturday, so we ate breakfast, then we went to all of the contest, which was best costume, best facepaint, best dog’s costume. We won best dog costume. Then I started getting ready for trick or treating. I got my hair ready and my outfit on it was super hot outside. I was a gypsy for Halloween. Then we got all done with trick or treating. Me, my sister, Ella, Will and Allie all went on a bike ride. I was going down a big hill and I just got my training wheels off. I didn’t really know how to ride a bike down a big hill, really well, but I tried it. My hands were shaking because I didn’t know how to ride my bike that good. I fell down the hill and scraped my leg down the hill my leg was just all bloody. Ella’s brother, Will, ran to get my mom. My dad got up and came and got me in the car because I could not walk and I was bleeding everywhere I had scraped the road . My mom put rubbing alcohol on my leg and it really burned. Then she put bandaids on my legs so it would hold the blood and not come out. Then I laid down so my leg would heal. My mom came in and asked,†Are you feeling better?† I said,† Yes! I still hurt but feel muchShow MoreRelatedFor Against by L.G. Alexander31987 Words   |  128 PagesBy the same author SIXTY STEPS TO PRECIS POETRY AND PROSE APPRECIATION ESSAY AND LEITER ·WRITING A FIRST BOOK IN COMPREHENSION PRECIS AND COMPOSITION ras CARTERS OF GREENWOOD (Cineloops) DETECTIVES FROM SCOTLAND YARD (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) CAR THIEVES [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 1) WORTH A FORTUNE [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) APRIL FOOLS DAY [Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) PROFESSOR BOFFIN S UMBRELLA (Longman Structural Readers, Stage 2) OPERATION MASfERMINDRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pagesyou will be ready to tackle the more difficult Exercises at the end of each chapter. ────1 Lets continue with our introduction to the principles of logical reasoning. (There are quite a few more principles to be uncovered.) For example, in the camping-trip story, you paid attention both to what Juanita said and to what Emilio said, and you wished there was a park ranger 1 The answer to the present Concept Check is (b), even though there is an error in the encyclopedia because King was reallyRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesDeviance: Bucking the Hierarchy? 506 Case Incident 2 Siemens’ Simple Structure—Not 506 4 16 The Organization System Organizational Culture 511 What Is Organizational Culture? 512 A Definition of Organizational Culture 512 †¢ Culture Is a Descriptive Term 514 †¢ Do Organizations Have Uniform Cultures? 514 †¢ Strong versus Weak Cultures 514 †¢ Culture versus Formalization 515 What Do Cultures Do? 516 Culture’s Functions 516 †¢ Culture Creates Climate 516 †¢ Culture as a Liability 517 Creating andRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pages338 HRM Workshop Failure to Reach Agreement 354 Strikes versus Lockouts 355 Impasse-Resolution Techniques 355 ETHICAL ISSUES IN HRM: The Striker Replacement Dilemma 356 Critical Issues for Unions Today 356 Union Membership: Where Have the Members Gone? 357 WORKPLACE ISSUES: The Union Summer 358 Linking Concepts to Practice: Discussion Questions 338 Developing Diagnostic and Analytical Skills 338 Case Application 13: Protection OSHA Style 338 Working with a Team: Health and Safety 338 LearningRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages12-inch wafers printed with 90-nanometer circuit lines, just 0.1 percent the width of a human hair. These plants are expected to slash chip costs in half. The mission has been set: Create INTEL chips to meet the need of new digital products. Right or wrong, everyone in the organization knows the game plan and can focus their efforts in this new consumer-oriented direction. Projects related to digital products will be ranked high priority. * Adapted from Cliff Edwards, â€Å"What Is CEO Craig Barrett Up To

Subcutaneous Fentanyl and Intramuscular Pethidine - MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Subcutaneous Fentanyl and Intramuscular Pethidine. Answer: Introduction: Pethidine is a form of drug that is used for relieving the pain. Pethidine are sometimes used as the analgesic form of pain relief medication for childbirth related pain and the pain associated with the surgery (Fenwick et al., 2015). The other form of name for Pethidine is Methadone. The classifications of Pethidine are as follows: Synthetic narcotic Narcotic detoxification adjunct Opioid analgesic An antagonist is a drug that acts by blocking opioids by attaching to the opiod receptors without activating them.Antagonistscause no opioid effect and block full agonist opioids. The indicators for the use of the drug are as follows: It is used for the prehospitality phase for the isolation of the extreme form of pain due to the severe form of pain that has been occurred due to severe trauma. These drugs are often recommended for severe, chronic pain and are also used for the detoxification and for the promotion of health of the patients with the opiate form of abstinence syndrome. The contraindications for the use of the drug are as follows: It is often contraindicated in patients who have the hypersensitivity for the drugs. It should be used very cautiously in case of the debilitated pregnant woman having renal or hepatic impairments, hypothyroidism and acute form of abdominal conditions, prostatic hyperplasia, HI, asthma, increased form of the intracranial pressure, urethral structures and the Addisons disease. There are certain forms of precautions that are needed to be taken for the correct usage of the drug. During the administration of the drug a woman who is pregnant needs to be careful about the harmful effects of narcotic form of the analgesics. The administration of the drug is to be made after taking proper precaution for the woman if she is already under the action of taking the narcotics (Fleet, Jones Belan, 2017). The adverse forms of effects for the usage of the drugs are as follows: The symptoms of cholera, sedation, sensorium, euphoria, dizziness, insomnia, seizures, syncope and agitation The hypotension, cardiac arrests, bradycardiac shocks, palpitation, nausea, disturbances in the visual periphery, vomiting, constipation, retention of the urine and urticaria The interactions, stability and the compatibility of the drugs are as follows: The use of the concomitant Central nervous system potentiates the respiratory of the drugs and the depression level of the CNS and also the effects of the hypotensive and the sedations. The combination of the use of the anticholergenics that may essentially cause the paralytic form of the ileus The special forms of considerations are as follows: The most common form of signs and the symptoms that are due to the overdose of the drug can cause the depression of the CNS and the depression in the respiration of the individual. The woman who essentially becomes physically very much dependent on the drugs that are been experienced with the acute form of withdrawal of the syndrome that are been given to a narcotic form of antagonists. The uses of the drugs are to be done with the caution and the monitor it very closely. Pathedine is a widely used drug for the relief of the pain during the labour. It is a similar form of drug that acts the same as the morphine and the heroine. These drugs belong to the family of drugs that are known as the opioids. The morphines is a natural form of drugs that are been extracted from the opium poppy, where there are pethidine is made out of synthetics (Martin et al., 2017). Pethidines were first used in Germany in the year 1940 for reducing the pain in the labour that are continued for the present day. It essentially works my mimicking the effects of the endorphins that are like the own morphine of the body. One of the major functions of the endorphins is to acts the natural form of pain killer for the woman. The Pethidine is been attached to the special form of sites on the outside of the cells of the nerves (Tveit et al, 2017). These sites are known as the opioids receptors. Once these pethidines are been attached to the receptors, the chain of the events that occur can result from depression and the normal form of activity for a little period. The effects of the Pathidine drugs are far more severe than the endorphins. The effect of the pethidin on the body of the women is readily observed after it has been administered. The person becomes drowsy, dizzy and the appearances of her eyes may also change. In addition, her perceptions about the events occurring around might change. The Pethidine acts on the central nervous systems by inhibiting the signals of the pain that are that are been sent to the brain. The subsequent can generally result to the pain that are been experienced by the women who are going through the labour pain. The most common and easiest way to give the pethidine to the women going through labour is to inject it into the muscles. The occasional form of the pethidine administration is injecting it in the vein through a drip. It is usually prescribed by the doctors, however, they are been given by the midwives. The dosage that the women receive usually ranges from 50 mg upto the level of 100mg. The total volume that are been injected into the muscles is one to two millilitres. The Pethidine may not be provided in the adequate pain relief for some of the women. Since nausea and vomiting are common, the medications may be mixed with the pethidine for helping to reduce this form of effects (Goods Martis, 2014). The other potential forms of the side effects for the woman who is in labour include problems in urination, drying of the mouth, hallucinations, the respiratory depressions, low amount of blood pressure and various allergic reactions. It has been observed that there are no impacts on the baby if the mother is under the observation of the Pethidine drug. The pethidine is known for crossing the placenta and is found to have their traces in the breast milk. The major effect for the baby is that the presence of the drug in the mothers milk can cause severe form of respiratory troubles. These effect can also worsen if the baby is born after one to two hours from injecting the drug to the mother. Therefore, this is one of the major reasons for which the pethidine are been avoided during the expected period of birth. An antidote might be been given for reversing the level of the drug. However, the effects of the antidote only last for a shorter period and tend to diminish. As a result, the baby may also experience the same form of the breathing problems. The babies are at risk of suffering from jaundice (Goods Martis, 2014). The drug can also affect the sucking reflex of the baby and may lead to new complications that a re related to the breast feeding for the first few days. The baby may also require the special form of care or the neonatal form of intensive care from the various effects of the pethidine, resulting in the separation of the mother and the baby. In the United Kingdom, it has been observed that it is very common for the hospitals to claim that they have the normal birth rate of about 80 percent. However, the study of the midwives birth rates are about five maternity units delivering between 1200 and up to the 5500 women every year that has revealed that about 1 to 6 first time mothers and 1 to 3 women have the second and subsequent form of labor that defines the normal births that are administered without the interventions or the drugs. However, it is difficult to find data on the number of babies who have been exposed to the drugs to understand the changes in normal behavior after birth due to the administration of the drug. The usage of the pethidine is the becoming less popular since there are a number of loopholes. Pethidine can effectively make the labour difficult and its effect can definitely wear out within a short span of time. It makes them light headed, unaware, disoriented, woozy etc. It has been also seen that occasionally, some of the women also experiences major hallucinations with the intake of pathidine. Further, it can also cause the problems on the respiratory tracts in the babies shortly after the birth especially in the case of the babies who are premature. This is because when the drug crosses the placenta, it makes the baby woozy and it makes the baby less likely to breathe in a vigorous manner at the time of the birth. However, pethidine can make the baby very less responsive and sleepy over the first few days after the birth that can help in the process of breast-feeding. The midwife needs to inject the pethidine into the thigh. The Pethidine can make them feel sick so that the injection is likely to support other forms of drug for addressing the health concerns. The midwife can also give the mother the doses of pethidine in about 50 mg or about 100mg. She can also repeat the dosage that is between the hours and three hours that is not having any other form of the drug for controlling the effect of the drug. The midwife should also take care that the woman does not have more than 400 mg in the next one day (Tveit et al., 2013). It has been observed in several cases that some women are more sensitive towards the opioids than others. However, the medication can have positive form of effects on the women who are given a small amount of dose of the same. A 50 mg of the drug may suit the woman well in the initial stage and they can be henceforth cautious about the drugs that can suit the mother. The midwife can also sent suggest some form of vaginal examination and see how the cervix may have been dilated, before giving the patient some form pethidine. The mother should also stop taking pathedine, if the midwife thinks that the mother is close to expecting the birth as it can essentially make the baby drowsy and effect the breathing of the child. Therefore, these are the above ways through which the drug influences the care of the midwives. References Fenwick, J., Gamble, J., Brittain, H., Sneddon, A. (2015). Birth outcomes: Private practising midwives at Gold Coast University Hospital.Women and Birth,28, S13-S14. Fleet, J. A. (2015).A Comparison of Intranasal Fentanyl, Subcutaneous Fentanyl and Intramuscular Pethidine during Childbirth: A Randomised Controlled Trial(Doctoral dissertation, Flinders University). Fleet, J. A., Jones, M., Belan, I. (2017). Taking the alternative route: Women's experience of intranasal fentanyl, subcutaneous fentanyl or intramuscular pethidine for labour analgesia.Midwifery,53, 15-19. Fleet, J., Belan, I., Jones, M. J., Ullah, S., Cyna, A. M. (2016). A Comparison of Fentanyl With Pethidine for Pain Relief During Childbirth: A Randomized-Controlled Trial.Obstetric Anesthesia Digest,36(2), 102-103. Goodson, C., Martis, R. (2014). Pethidine: to prescribe or not to prescribe? A discussion surrounding pethidine's place in midwifery practice and New Zealand prescribing legislation.New Zealand College of Midwives Journal,49. Izumi, M., Uematsu, S., Watanabe, A., Manabe, E., Yau, S. Y., Leung, C. Y., ... Cheng, W. S. (2017). Midwifery and Nursing Care.J. Obstet. Gynaecol. Res,43(S1), 83-86. Larkin, P., Begley, C. M., Devane, D. (2017). Womens preferences for childbirth experiences in the Republic of Ireland; a mixed methods study.BMC pregnancy and childbirth,17(1), 19. Martin, T., Hauck, Y., Fenwick, J., Butt, J., Wood, J. (2014). Evaluation of a next birth after caesarean antenatal clinic on women's birth intention and outcomes, knowledge, confidence, fear and perceptions of care.Evidence-Based Midwifery,12(1), 11-5. Niven, C. A. (2013).Psychological care for families: before, during and after birth. Butterworth-Heinemann. Steel, A., Adams, J., Sibbritt, D., Broom, A., Gallois, C., Frawley, J. (2015). Managing the pain of labour: factors associated with the use of labour pain management for pregnant Australian women.Health Expectations,18(5), 1633-1644. Tveit, T. O., Halvorsen, A., Seiler, S., Rosland, J. H. (2013). Efficacy and side effects of intravenous remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia used in a stepwise approach for labour: an observational study.International journal of obstetric anesthesia,22(1), 19-25. Wilson, M., MacArthur, C., Smith, F. G., Homer, L., Handley, K., Daniels, J. (2016). The RESPITE trial: remifentanil intravenously administered patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) versus pethidine intramuscular injection for pain relief in labour: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial.Trials,17(1), 591.